Keep in mind that if you cite a different source, you need to use the full shortened structure the next time you cite from a source you have used before. Citation Examples Here are a few examples of citation structures in the notes and bibliography style. For more examples and information on this style, check out the EasyBib Chicago footnotes guide. This style uses parenthetical in-text citations and a reference list to guide readers to the sources you cite. The in-text citation generally includes the:.
Using the parenthetical citation, the reader can then look at the reference list and find full information for the source. The parenthetical in-text citation always comes at the end of a sentence, and is placed before the final punctuation.
About half of the institutions kept the personal libraries shelved together and half used a Library of Congress classification scheme Nicholson , Nicholson, Joseph R.
Additional Examples Here are more examples of parenthetical in-text citations and their full citations as they would appear in the reference list. There are even more guides linked at the bottom of this page. When building in-text citations, you might come across more complicated citations. This chart shows some of the most common citation types you will come across and how to build in-text citations for them. Bibliographies and reference lists are located at the end of your paper.
You should include every source you cite in your bibliography or reference list. While sometimes 3-em dashes are used in bibliographies and reference lists in repeated list entries under the same author, the 17th edition of CMOS actually recommends that authors not do this in citation lists CMOS If your editor or publisher wants to use the 3-em dash, they will insert them where necessary. You can also check with your teacher and see what they want you to do.
For more guidelines for formatting bibliographies and reference lists, see CMOS 14 and 15 and Chapters 16 and 18 in the Turabian guide. The Chicago Manual of Style , 17th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, Turabian, Kate L. Written by Janice Hansen. She spends a lot of time with rare books and citations. Upload a paper to check for plagiarism against billions of sources and get advanced writing suggestions for clarity and style.
Get Started. Certain features require a modern browser to function. Please use a different browser, like Firefox , Chrome , or Safari. Exceptions are block quotations, table titles, and lists in appendixes, which should be single-spaced, and certain front matter e. Certain forms of writing like dissertations or theses may require a larger margin on the left side to allow room for binding, but each institution will have different requirements Turabian A.
Font : Turabian recommends using a font that is both readable and readily available to most people such as Times New Roman or Arial.
Times New Roman font size should be no smaller than point and Arial no smaller than point. In addition, it can protect writers from accusations of plagiarism, which is the intentional or accidental uncredited use of source material created by others.
In the Notes and Bibliography system, you should include a note endnote or footnote each time you use a source, whether through a direct quote, paraphrase, or summary. Footnotes are added at the end of the page on which the source is referenced, while endnotes are compiled at the end of each chapter or at the end of the entire document. In either case, a superscript number corresponding to a note, along with the bibliographic information for that source, should be placed in the text following the end of the sentence or clause in which the source is referenced.
If a work includes a bibliography, which is typically preferred, then it is not necessary to provide full publication details in notes. If you cite the same source again, or if a bibliography is included in the work, the note only needs to include the surname of the author, a shortened form of the title if more than four words , and the page number s. However, in a work that does not include a bibliography, it is recommended that the full citation be repeated when it is first used in a new chapter.
In the NB system, the footnote or endnote itself begins with the appropriate full-sized number, followed by a period and then a space. In the NB system, the bibliography provides an alphabetical list of all sources used in a given work. This page, most often titled Bibliography, is usually placed at the end of the work preceding the index. It should include all sources cited within the work and may sometimes include other relevant sources that were not cited but provide further reading.
Magazine Article from Online Magazine F. Newspaper Article G. Basic Web Page B. Web Page No Author C. Movies B. Television and Radio Programs C. Image from Electronic Source B. Lectures C. Scriptural References E. Secondary Sources F. Government Publications G. Theses and Dissertations H. Annotated Bibliography I. Turabian When Kate L. Yet while the ways in which we research and compose papers may have changed, the fundamentals remain the same: writers need to have a strong research question, construct an evidence-based argument, cite their sources, and structure their work in a logical way.
This new edition filters decades of expertise into modern standards. While previous editions incorporated digital forms of research and writing, this edition goes even further to build information literacy, recognizing that most students will be doing their work largely or entirely online and on screens.
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Call Number: LB T8 About Kate Turabian Kate Turabian was the dissertation secretary of the University of Chicago's graduate school and every accepted dissertation crossed her desk.
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